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Music can be a social activity, but it can also be a very spiritual experience. Ancient Indians were deeply impressed by the spiritual power of music, and it is out of this that Indian classical music was born. So, for those who take it seriously, classical music involves single-minded devotion and lifelong commitment. But the thing about music is that you can take it as seriously or as casually as you like. It is a rewarding experience, no matter how deep or shallow your involvement.
Most music has at least three main elements – melody, rhythm and harmony. Because of its contemplative, spiritual nature, Indian classical music is a solitary pursuit that focuses mainly on melodic development. In performance, rhythm also plays an important role, giving texture, sensuality, and a sense of purpose to melody. Harmony in Indian classical music is mainly the result of the tanpura playing a combination of the tonic (sa) and the fifth (pa) or fourth (ma) in a fixed pattern in the background, somewhat like an arpeggiated chord. Harmony in the Western sense, however, is not a part of traditional Indian music, and it is important not to look for it.
Indian classical music is a rich tradition that originated in South Asia and can now be found in all corners of the world. Its origins date back to sacred Vedic scriptures over 6,000 years ago where chants developed a system of musical notes and rhythmic cycles.
In this way, Indian classical music is very closely connected to nature, taking inspiration from natural phenomena including the seasons and times of the day to create ‘ragas’ or musical moods and many time cycles or ‘taals’ that have been further codified.
Compositions are fixed but most of the music is improvised within the structure of notes and mathematics. This gives the music a spontaneous freedom where each artist and every performance is ensured to be completely unique.
Ancient Indian classical music followed a single uniform style modeled after the melodic patterns of Vedic chanting, beginning with Rigveda and Samaveda–collections of hymns written nearly 5,000 years ago. This is where the first three swaras evolved from. Perhaps because of this origin, Indian classical music remains traditionally oriented towards vocals. Almost a thousand years later, around 200 BCE, the Natya Shastra emerged as the first treatise on dramaturgy, most notably the theory of music and instruments.
In the Natya Shastra, Bharata discussed the classification of instruments, outlined harmonic scales, defined srutis as the smallest intervals of pitch, and determined the makeup of a kutapa (group performance) as two singers, one male and one female, and nine-to-eleven instrument accompaniments. These concepts, outlined thousands of years ago, provided the foundation from which all Indian classical music grew.
