Indian History Painting and Styles | Art & Culture | Shilpi Verma | StudyIQ IAS Hindi

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The oldest known existence of paintings is the rock art in caves. These cave arts have been around for more than 10,000 years and depicted the life of the cavemen. Bhimbetka cave paintings are an example.
Just as history repeats itself, murals seem to have made a comeback too. Murals are paintings made directly on the wall or ceiling rather than being hanged.Talking about the history of murals, we can see its traces as early as 2nd century BC and have continued till the 10th century AD. Over 20 locations all over India boast of this art form and are mainly rock-cut chambers and natural caves.Ajanta and Ellora caves, Ravan Chhaya Rock Shelter, Armamalai Cave, Sittanavasal Cave, and Bagh Cave are the clear depicters of the evolution and history of murals.Mainly religious themes of Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism have been depicted through these murals.
The 10th century East India saw the development of miniature painting that depicted Buddhist divinities as well as scenes from the life and journey of Lord Buddha.These are called miniature paintings because they have been painted on palm tree leaves (around 2.25 – 3 inches) and their wooden base. Though the styles diminished from our country by the end of 12th century AD, we still have some valued possessions depicted this art from such as Kalachakra Tantra, Karandavyuha, Pancharaksa, and Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita.

Similar to Eastern Indian Paintings, Western India also saw the rise of the Miniature paintings. These paintings are full of vivid colours which were manually derived from fruits, vegetables, indigo, conch shells, and precious and semi-precious metals. These paintings create an awe among its viewers because of their intricate brushwork.However, while miniature art disappeared from East India in the 12th century AD, it came to Western Himalayas around the 17th century AD.Most of these paintings are in sync with Indian manuscripts, Sanskrit and folk literature, and mythological scripts.Earlier painted on palm tree leaves called ‘Taadpatra’, they gradually shifted to paper. The most common features are side faced humans, big eyes, sharp nose, long hair, traditional outfits, Lord Krishna as blue and rest humans as white or brown, and depiction of nature.The most well-known painter of Western Indian Paintings is Vachak .Mughal period saw the rise of incredible painters, paintings, and painting styles. Mughal paintings have a unique blend of Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles. Between the 16th and 19th century, the Mughal Empire paved the way for painters and other fine artists to bloom.Influenced by Persian Miniature paintings, Mughal paintings inspired Deccan, Pahari, and Rajput styles of painting.Mughals wanted the world to remember them and thus took their artists to all the expeditions, hunts, missions, marriages, religious tours, and even Durban meetings.Mughal paintings came to an end with the reign of Aurangzeb, who has no liking for any sort of fine arts.

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