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Religion in India 1ad to 2300ad | Religion-History-of-India|Future of India| Akhanda bharat religion
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Religion in India is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world’s major religions: namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are established by the law; the Constitution of India defines freedom of religion a fundamental right and holds India to be a secular state.
According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practices Hinduism, 14.2% adheres to Islam, 2.3% adheres to Christianity, 1.7% adheres to Sikhism, 0.7% adheres to Buddhism, and 0.4% adheres to Jainism. Zoroastrianism, Yungdrung Bon, the Baháʼí Faith, Sanamahism, and Judaism also have a history in India, and each has at least several thousand adherents in India.
India has given refuge to followers of persecuted religions across its history. In the post-classical period, sanctuary was granted to Hebrew Jews who fled captivity in Babylonia, Aramaic Christians who fled the Islamic invasion of Syria in the 7th century, and Persian Zoroastrians who fled persecution in Persia in the 9th century following the Muslim conquest of Persia, as a result, India has the largest population of people adhering to Zoroastrianism (i.e. Parsis or Iranis) in the world. In the 20th to 21st centuries, sanctuary was granted to Russian, Persian and Afghan Jews, Christians, Jains, Sikhs, Hindus, and Ahmadiyyas who fled persecution in Pakistan. When the Dalai Lama fled Tibet and took refuge in India after it was invaded by China, many Tibetans followed his example and continue to seek refuge in India.
Today, India is home to around 94% of the global population of Hindus. Most Hindu shrines and temples are located in India, as are the birthplaces of most Hindu saints. Prayagraj hosts the world’s largest religious pilgrimage, Prayag Kumbh Mela, where Hindus from across the world come together to bathe in the confluence of three sacred rivers of India: the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the Saraswati. The Indian diaspora in the West has popularized many aspects of Hindu philosophy such as yoga, meditation, Ayurvedic medicine, divination, karma, and reincarnation. The influence of Indian religions has been significant all over the world. Several Hindu-based organizations, such as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, the Ramakrishna Mission, the Brahma Kumaris, the Ananda Marga, and others have spread Hindu spiritual beliefs and practices. The Indian subcontinent also contains the largest population of Muslims in the world, with about one-third of all Muslims being from South Asia. By 2050, the Muslim population of India is projected to grow to 311 million and surpass Indonesia to become the world’s largest Muslim population, although India will retain a Hindu majority (about 77%). India is also the cradle of Ahmadiyya Islam. The shrines of some of the most famous saints of Sufism, like Moinuddin Chishti and Nizamuddin Auliya, are found in India, and attract visitors from all over the world.
Before the Mughal Empire and Delhi Sultanate, as much as 90% of the population may have fallen under the Hindu umbrella, although demographic information on pre-modern polities is scarce. The elites of those empires came from historically Muslim ethnicities, and many sought to harmonize their personal religion with the Hinduism of their subjects. Nevertheless, a backlash during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries reestablished confessional boundaries and genealogical evidence suggests that many modern-day Muslims have some Hindu ancestors.
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