A topic that stirs up controversy in India is the development of Indo-Aryan languages, and specifically the idea that speakers of an early form of Sanskrit arrived in India between 2000 and 1500 BCE. While the linguistic argument is probably the strongest for the theory of an Indo-Aryan migration into South Asia, genetic evidence gathered so far supports it. In this video, other theories like the Aryan Invasion Theory and the Out of India Theory will be examined, along with the claims of Abhijit Chavda concerning the genetic evidence for or against migration of this language group into India.
Errata: At 51:06, I said “mostly Iranian farmer-related,” when I should have said “mostly Iranian hunter-gatherer-related.”
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► REFERENCES
Recommended books on ancient India:
Singh, History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: https://amzn.to/35MViln
Thapar: History of Early India: https://amzn.to/3tTkFtJ
The genetic studies:
2004: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(04)00040-5
2006: https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)62353-2
2006: https://www.academia.edu/19343333/In_situ_origin_of_deep_rooting_lineages_of_mitochondrial_Macrohaplogroup_M_in_India
2006: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16893451/
2008: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232715773_Genetic_landscape_of_the_people_of_India_a_canvas_for_disease_gene_explorationIndian_Genome_Variation_ConsortiumJ_Genet_2008_Apr8713-20
2009: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19058044/
2009: https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg20082.pdf
2009: https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/nature08365
2010: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987245/
2010: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(09)02068-5
2011: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234374/pdf/main.pdf
2012: https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s12038-012-9256-9
2012: https://file.scirp.org/Html/17707.html
2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23932107/
2013: https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003912
2015: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273059488_Massive_migration_from_the_steppe_is_a_source_for_Indo-European_languages_in_Europe
2015: https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/the-major-ychromosome-haplotype-xi–haplogroup-r1a-in-eurasia-2161-1041-1000150.pdf
2017: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1616392114
2017: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1704308114
2017: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/retheorising-mobility-and-the-formation-of-culture-and-language-among-the-corded-ware-culture-in-europe/E35E6057F48118AFAC191BDFBB1EB30E
2018: https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
2019: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40399-8
2019: https://sci-hub.se/10.1126/science.aat7487
2019: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867419309675
2020: https://bmcgenomdata.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2
2021: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7817100/
2021: https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00438-020-01725-2
2021: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04018-9#Sec4
Articles about David Reich:
https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/bfopinion/race-genetics-david-reich
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/magazine/ancient-dna-paleogenomics.html
About Niraj Rai’s press conference comments:
https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-the-press-conference-on-rakhigarhi-findings-throws-up-more-questions-than-answers/338052
https://thewire.in/the-sciences/rakhigarhi-indus-valley-civilisation-aryan-steppe-migration-vasant-shinde
One historian’s perspective on the Hindutva view of history:
Professor Miano’s handy guide for learning, “How to Know Stuff,” is available here:
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